Apart from a very small fraction of neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by strong acting rare mutations in single genes, most are complex diseases, like Parkinson’s disease, that are caused by sophisticated interaction between many factors. Even though the entirety of the biological underpinnings behind such heterogeneous disorders remain elusive. Given recent efforts with genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we have discovered a set of genetic loci involved that cumulatively contribute to risk of Parkinson’s disease. At the moment, these are not entirely comprehensive, nor do they explain all the intricacies, but can shed light on complex diseases.
On GitHub , you can find these calculators, ready to use on your datasets, with the appropriate context, validation, and interpretation. Below is also a link to a Binder environment so you can run this online.
GitHub BINDER
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A polygenic risk score (PRS) is a subtype of a genetic risk score (GRS), and is used to evaluate one's overall risk or predisposition to a disease, taking in account comprehensive genetic architecture including the effects of both protective and risk variants.
This value is calculated by comparing individual-level genotype and phenotype data to a larger collection of weighted alleles from genome-wide association study summary (GWAS) statistics and indicates an individual's susceptibility based on alleles present in their genome.
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The vast majority of whole genome sequence data currently available for use in calculating PRS comes mainly from European populations, leading to an overrepresentation in global studies and potentially limiting accuracy when applied to other ethnic populations.There has been a large effort to collect data from underrepresented populations, especially of those of Asian, African, and indigenous descent, sparking initiatives like Global Parkinson's Genetics Program (GP2), which aims to collect, sequence, and analyze data from around the world.
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UNDER DEVELOPMENT
Although someone’s PRS can include actionable information in giving impressions about genetic predisposition of a person to Parkinson’s disease, it is important to take some caveats into consideration with regard to the limitations in both the construction and interpretation of PRS to efficiently use them
PRS are only able to show correlations and not causations, given the fact that genetic risk is not going to be the only determinant in complex disorders such as Parkinson's disease
Building a PRS might have discrepancies due to different ethnic backgrounds, given that disease-associated alleles can have significantly different frequencies between populations
Depending on the strategy used to calculate the PRS, either linkage disequilibrium-based pruning or adjustments can contribute to bias due to the limited reference haplotype panels for diverse populations
These are recommended publications for further reading and the sources for the content on this website
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An open database of polygenic scores and the relevant metadata required for accurate application and evaluation
Global Parkinson's Genetics Program
An initiative working to sequence and analyze data from around the world